1 The WTO and the Idea of Cooperative Trade Policy ………………… (1)

1-1 The Foundation of the GATT ………………………………………………… (1)

1-2 The Progress Achieved Under the GATT …………………………………… (3)

1-3 From the GATT to the WTO ………………………………………………… (6)

1-4 The WTO and Its Achievements ……………………………………………… (7)

1-5 Economic Theories and Trade Policies ……………………………………… (13)

1-6 The Prisoner??s Dilemma in Trade Policies ………………………………… (21)

1-7 The WTO and Cooperative Trade Policy …………………………………… (23)

1-8 Case Studies ………………………………………………………………… (24)



2 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)…………………… (28)

2-1 Driving Force Towards a Multilateral Agreement …………………………… (28)

2-2 The Structure of the GATT 1994 …………………………………………… (30)

2-3 Important Issues During the GATT (1948-1994) ………………………… (43)

2-4 Case Studies ………………………………………………………………… (55)



3 Operating Mechanism of WTO …………………………………………… (62)

3-1 The WTO Decision?Making Mechanism …………………………………… (62)

3-2 WTO Trade Policy Review Mechanism …………………………………… (71)

3-3 WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism ……………………………………… (74)

3-4 Case Studies ………………………………………………………………… (91)



4 The GATS ……………………………………………………………………… (96)

4-1 The Driving Forces Towards a Service Agreement ………………………… (96)

4-2 Differences Between Services and Goods Sectors …………………………… (98)

4-3 Objectives, Structure and Scope of the GATS ……………………………… (99)

4-4 General Obligations and Disciplines (Part II) …………………………… (103)

4-5 Specific Commitments (Part III and Part IV) …………………………… (109)

4-6 Institutional Arrangement (Part V) ……………………………………… (112)

4-7 Final Provisions (Part VI) ………………………………………………… (113)

4-8 Annexes on Financial Services …………………………………………… (114)

4-9 Annexes on Air Transport Services and Telecommunications …………… (115)

4-10 The Other Annexes ……………………………………………………… (116)

4-11 Evaluating the GATS …………………………………………………… (117)

4-12 Case Studies ……………………………………………………………… (124)



5 Multilateral Trading System and Climate Change …………………… (130)

5-1 Impact of Trade Openness on Climate Change …………………………… (130)

5-2 WTO Progress in Addressing Challenges of Climate Change ……………… (134)

5-3 Multilateral Trade System and Carbon Tariff ……………………………… (139)

5-4 Carbon Labeling …………………………………………………………… (151)

5-5 Carbon Trading …………………………………………………………… (158)

5-6 Case Studies ……………………………………………………………… (167)



6 Regional Integration and E?commerce ………………………………… (172)

6-1 WTO Multilateral Trade System and Regional Economic Integration …… (172)

6-2 WTO Multilateral Trade System and Electronic Commerce ……………… (188)

6-3 WTO and International Labor Standards ………………………………… (196)



7 WTO?Dispute Settlement Mechanism ………………………………… (207)

7-1 The Characteristics of Disputes and Settlements ………………………… (207)

7-2 WTO Dispute Settlement and China ……………………………………… (228)

7-3 Case Studies ……………………………………………………………… (241)



References ……………………………………………………… (252)